Apa Referencing Style
What is the APA style?The American Psychological Association reference style is one of the Author-Date reference styles. When quoting directly or indirectly from a source, the source must be acknowledged in the text by author name, year of publication and location reference. If quoting directly, a location reference such as page numbers and paragraph numbers is also required.
In-textDirect quotation – use quotation marks and include page numbers, e.g.
Samovar and Porter (1997) point out that , “language involves attaching meaning to symbols” (p.188). A quotation of 40 or more words should be formatted as a freestanding, indented block of text without using quotation marks.
Indirect quotation/paraphrasing Attaching meaning to symbols is considered to be the origin of written language (Samovar & Porter, 1997). NB: Page numbers are optional when paraphrasing, although it is useful include them.Citations from a secondary source
Peterson (as cited in Samovar & Porter, 1997) states that language must be first understood as symbols. Reference ListAt the end of your essay, you are required to provide the full bibliographic information for each source. References must be listed in alphabetical order. Each reference should include four elements: (1) Author/Editor, (2) Date, (3) Title, and (4) Publication Information. Move your mouse over different parts of the reference below.Samovar, L. A., & Porter, R. E. (Eds.) (1997). Intercultural communication: A reader. (8th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. Key points:
Books Book – one author
Book – two to five authors
Book – six or more authors
Book or report by a corporate author, e.g. organisation, association, government department
Book – no author
Book – edited
Book – chapter in edited book
Book – electronic
Electronic books may be available from a subscription database, pay-per-view site, or downloaded as an audio file from the Internet. If the item is available only in electronic format or is hard to find in print, include the source location.
Book – translated
Dictionary or encyclopaedia – entry
Thesis – print version
Thesis – Institutional or personal webpage – electronic version
Journals (Academic & Scholarly)Print Version
NEWJournal article – with a DOI (Digital Object Identifier)
Journal article – with no DOI
Journal article – Open access
MagazinesPrint version
Electronic version
General and alternative mediaNewspaper – Print version
Newspaper – online
Newspaper article – no author
Audio-visualFilm, music (CD, Video, DVD)
Film
Film – online
Music
Television programme
Audio podcast
WebpagesWebpage (multiple pages – reference the homepage)
OthersCourse handout/Lecture notes’PowerPoint
Legal Material APA recommends the use of The Bluebook: A uniform system of citation (18th ed., 2005) for referencing legal material. Personal Communication
Conference paper as part of a book of proceedings
Conference Paper – online
Report – annual
Report – annual – online version
Report – Technical or research
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