Food & Nutrition Online Tutoring
Introduction
A high diet with vegetables is beneficial for health and wellbeing, particularly to prevent chronic diseases. In Australia, the concerns for health mainly come from chronic diseases impacting morbidity and mortality. During 2004-2005, 77 percent of the Australians were affected by at least one long term health condition (Australian Bureau of Statistics 2006). The health conditions are mostly associated with the lifestyle choices. The access to quality information is a major challenge in the study of the supply system of vegetables. In the report, named State of Logistics, four particular impediments in relation to obtainment of quality information on the foodstuffs’ system of logistics are:
- Access of commercial-in-confidence information
- Obtaining greater cooperation from industry in gathering information
- Access of commercial-in-confidence information
- Obtainment of timely and reliable data on quality attributes required in innovation (Higgens et al., 2007).
The addressing of answering the question of the reasons Australians eats few vegetables are revealed by the information as follows. The health promotion programs have been carried out by the National and State governments and NGOs in trying to increase intake of vegetables over the past two decades. Despite this effort, vegetable consumption of 5 serves per day is met by less than 10 percent of the Australian population. Younger adults are at the bottom of the chart in terms of eating vegetables. Nine out of ten Australians does not eat enough vegetables, according to the Australian Government’s Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, Australia’s Food and Nutrition. The two-third of the adult Australians are obese or overweight. Therefore, intake of a diet rich in vegetables is necessary in managing weight. The bigger concern is that the Australians buys vegetables and don’t end up eating them by throwing out $1.1 billion worth of vegetables every year. The consumption of vegetables is critical in fighting against cancer (Cowey & Hardy 2006). It has been estimated that 5-12% of all cancers are preventable with the intake of the right quantity of vegetables (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare 2006).
One of the reasons for low vegetable consumption in Australia can be attributed to economic and environmental factors. Other factors can be physical actioned, choices for other food categories, smoking and consumption of alcohol. These factors are the possible modifiers impacting the health of the low consumption group in relation to the intake of vegetables for better or worse (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare 2005). The geographical remoteness can also be attributed as a factor in people’s vegetable consumption. The people residing in the regional and outer regional/remote areas consumed greater amount of vegetables than people in the major cities in 2007-08. The more vegetable consuming segment in the remote and regional areas consists 47 percent and 46 percent, respectively, who takes 3 or more serves a day in comparison to the 39 percent of the population living in the major cities. The people belonging to the disadvantaged groups in terms of income, educational level, unemployment etc, however, have shown no difference in consumption of vegetables with other demographic categories. The demographic characteristics have bearing on vegetable dietary behaviors on the basis of desiring in increasing intake and perceived barriers. The low consumption of vegetable is more with the adolescents than adults. Adolescents are also consumer of lower variety of vegetables. However, either gender categories are similar in taking the amount of vegetables consumption and vegetable variety. The barriers to the increase of vegetable intake are in the form of price, storage, and time. The non-consumption of vegetables is inversely related to income for both adolescents and adults. The lower income groups are likelier to follow the low intake of vegetables (Fordred 2008).
This study examines the extent of vegetable consumption change with the help of TPB. The TPB represents the intention of the perceived behavioral control (PBC) as the key determinant of behavior in relation to attitude, subjective norm and PBC (Ajzen 1991). The Attitude of the regular participants is more in this research, mainly because of the high perceived fear of obesity among the participants. The Subjective Norm is marginally is on the higher side as well. The perceived control is similar on both researches. For the rare participants, worry for obesity, and blood pressure is very high, and the same time keeping the family members happy with non-veg food is high also; leading to the high Attitude quotient. The critical factor for the subjective norm is high is the participants’ tendency to go for non-veg food, when shopping. The participants’ tendency to get hungry often have given a high score for taking non-veg food when the participant gets hungry in the Perceived Control section (Kothe et al. 2011).
Aim
The aim of this study is to find out the key drivers of vegetable intakes for two groups: (a) participants who takes a lot of vegetables (Regular); and (b) participants who take small quantities of vegetables (Rare).
Method
Sample sets
The sample size is 10 participants. The gender divide of the sample population is 7 women and ten men.
The age distribution is:
18-30 years: 3 participants
30-40 years: 5 participants
40-50 years: 2 participants
The participants are grouped in two equal halves as “rare participants” and “regular participants” indicating low consumption of vegetables and high consumption of vegetables in the following way.
18-30 years: Two from “rare participants” and one from “regular participants”
30-40 years: Two from “rare participants” and three from “regular participants”
40-50 years: One from“rare participants” and one from “regular participants”
Income distribution is:
$5,000 – $ 20,000 p.m.: 4 participants
$21,000 – $ 50,000 p.m.: 4 participants
Above $ 50,000 p.m. : 2 participants
Geographical distribution is:
50 percent of the population is from major cities and the rest of the regional/remote areas taken randomly from the sample set.
The participants are chosen from social networking sites of Facebook and Twitter. They were contacted through e-mail provided in their profiles of the respective site. After communication through email, it was decided (based on the participants’ convenience) to conduct the research of five of them through face-to-face settings, and rest five through telephone. All participants residing in the remote places are surveyed via telephone.
The questionnaire is constructed with the help of Theory of Planned Behavior (Ajzen 1991) segregated by three categories: attitude, subjective norms and perceived behavior.
The questionnaire was constructed from the Theory of Planned Behavior (Ajzen, 1991) using the categories attitude, subjective norms and perceived behavior control to generate questions. The Likert scale is used using the 5 as ‘Strongly Agree’ and incremented down to ‘Strongly Disagree’ using 1 at the bottom.
The questionnaires are presented as follows:
| Attitude | |||||
| Beliefs | Answer (circle) | Evaluation | Answer | ||
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
|
1 2 3 4 5 | ||
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
|
1 2 3 4 5 | ||
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
|
1 2 3 4 5 | ||
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
| Subjective Norm | |||||
| Beliefs | Answer (Circle) | Evaluation | Answer (Circle) | ||
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
|
1 2 3 4 5 | ||
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
|
1 2 3 4 5 | ||
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
|
1 2 3 4 5 | ||
| My colleagues would disapprove if they come to know that I give non-veg dinner with my family every day | 1 2 3 4 5 | The opinion of my colleagues is important to me. |
| Perceived Behavioral control beliefs | Answer (Circle) | Evaluation | Answer (Circle) | ||
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
|
1 2 3 4 5 | ||
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
|
1 2 3 4 5 | ||
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
|
1 2 3 4 5 | ||
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
Results
The results obtained is briefly shown in the table below.
Regular Participants
| Attitude | P1 (Attitude * Evaluation) | P2 (Attitude * Evaluation) | P3(Attitude * Evaluation) | P4 (Attitude * Evaluation) | P5 (Attitude * Evaluation) | |
| Beliefs | ||||||
|
25 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 25 | |
|
25 | 16 | 25 | 16 | 25 | |
|
15 | 8 | 4 | 8 | 15 | |
|
20 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 25 | |
| 85/4=21.25 | 56/4 = 14 | 61/4 = 15.25 | 56/4 = 14 | 90/4 = 22.5 |
ΣPi = 87
Final Mean Attitude = 87/5 = 17.4
| Subjective Norm | P1 (Attitude * Evaluation) | P2(Attitude * Evaluation) | P3(Attitude * Evaluation) | P4(Attitude * Evaluation) | P5(Attitude * Evaluation) |
| Beliefs | |||||
| My GP would be disappointed in me if he knew my family is eating less vegetables | 16 | 25 | 25 | 16 | 25 |
| Going to a meat-only place for a party receives a lot of disapproval from friends | 16 | 20 | 25 | 12 | 25 |
| My family expect me to take them for non-veg cuisine when we go shopping | 8 | 5 | 4 | 8 | 15 |
| My colleagues would disapprove if they come to know that I give non-veg dinner with my family everyday | 16 | 9 | 12 | 16 | 25 |
| 56/4 = 14 | 59/4 = 14.75 | 66/4 = 16.5 | 52/4 = 13 | 90/4 = 22.5 |
ΣPi = 80.75
Final Mean Subjective Norm = 80.75/5 = 16.15
| Perceived Behavioral control beliefs | P1(Attitude * Evaluation) | P2(Attitude * Evaluation) | P3(Attitude * Evaluation) | P4(Attitude * Evaluation) | P5(Attitude * Evaluation) | |
|
6 | 4 | 10 | 8 | 5 | |
|
4 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 2 | |
|
9 | 8 | 8 | 15 | 8 | |
|
6 | 3 | 6 | 3 | 8 | |
| 25/4 = 6.25 | 16/4 = 4 | 26/4 = 6.5 | 30/4 = 7.5 | 23/4 = 5.75 |
ΣPi = 30
Final Mean Subjective Perceived Behavioural control beliefs =30/5 = 6
Rare Participants
| Attitude | P1 (Attitude * Evaluation) | P2 (Attitude * Evaluation) | P3 (Attitude * Evaluation) | P4 (Attitude * Evaluation) | P5 (Attitude * Evaluation) | |
| Beliefs | ||||||
|
25 | 20 | 25 | 16 | 12 | |
|
20 | 15 | 15 | 16 | 16 | |
|
20 | 25 | 16 | 20 | 20 | |
|
8 | 9 | 6 | 12 | 4 | |
| 73/4=18.25 | 17.25 | 15.5 | 15.5 | 13 |
ΣPi = 79.5
Final Mean Attitude = 79.5/5 = 15.9
| Subjective Norm | P1 (Attitude * Evaluation) | P2 (Attitude * Evaluation) | P3(Attitude * Evaluation) | P4(Attitude * Evaluation) | P5(Attitude * Evaluation) |
| Beliefs | |||||
| My GP would be disappointed in me if he knew my family is eating less vegetables | 12 | 6 | 4 | 10 | 12 |
| Going to a meat-only place for a party receives a lot of disapproval from friends | 8 | 6 | 10 | 10 | 6 |
| My family expects me to take them for non-veg cuisine when we go shopping | 20 | 15 | 20 | 25 | 12 |
| My colleagues would disapprove if they come to know that I give non-veg dinner with my family everyday | 6 | 4 | 5 | 10 | 8 |
| 46/4= 11.5 | 31/4 = 7.75 | 9.75 | 13.75 | 9.75 |
ΣPi = 52.5
Final Mean Subjective Norm = 52.5/5 = 10.5
| Perceived Behavioural control beliefs | P1(Attitude * Evaluation) | P2(Attitude * Evaluation) | P3(Attitude * Evaluation) | P4(Attitude * Evaluation) | P5(Attitude * Evaluation) | |
|
16 | 16 | 25 | 16 | 9 | |
|
4 | 12 | 20 | 16 | 16 | |
|
12 | 12 | 15 | 16 | 8 | |
|
12 | 16 | 25 | 20 | 16 | |
| 44/4 = 11 | 56/4 = 14 | 85/4 = 21.25 | 68/4 = 17 | 49/4 = 12.25 |
ΣPi = 75.5
Final Mean Subjective Perceived Behavioural control beliefs =75.5/5 = 15.1
Discussion
The aim of this study is to find out the key drivers of vegetable intakes for two groups: (a) participants who takes a lot of vegetables (Regular); and (b) participants who take small quantities of vegetables (Rare). The results show “Attitude” as the biggest driver and influence in determining the frequent consumers of vegetables. For regular consumers, Subjective Normative comes second, while for rare consumers, Percieved Control comes second. The Perceived Control is third for regular consumers and the Subjective Normative for the rare consumers.
In comparing the results with the two researches, the figures are provided below.
Regular:
| Attitude | Mean = 17.4/12 |
| Subjective Norm | Mean =16.15/ 15 |
| Perceived Control | Mean = 6 /7 |
Rare:
| Attitude | Mean = 15.9/3 |
| Subjective Norm | Mean = 10.5/3 |
| Perceived Control | Mean = 15.1/10 |
Note: The figures of this research are provided before the figures of the other research
.
The Attitude of the regular participants is more in this research is mainly because of the high perceived fear of obesity among the participants. The Subjective Norm is marginally higher in this research than the other research and two researches are largely consistent with one another. The perceived control is also similar in both researches.
For the rare participants, worry for obesity, and blood pressure is very high, and the same time keeping the family members happy with non-veg food is also high; leading to the high Attitude quotient. The critical factor for the high subjective norm is the participants’ tendency to go for non-veg food, when shopping. The participants’ tendency to get hungry often have given a high score for taking non-veg food when the participant gets hungry in the Perceived Control section.
The lack of true representation of the Australian population is one of the most important limitation of the study because of the small sample size.
Conclusion
The reasons for less intake of vegetables are plenty. From the point of view of the geographical locations to the eating habits of the adolescents, the less intake of the vegetables is all pervading. This research showed eating habits and the importance of eating preference for non-veg food as the most important factor for the participants to opt for non-veg food. However, the fear of obesity and blood pressure can be construed as the potential buffer of taking too much non-veg food items.
References:
- Ajzen, I. (1991)The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179-211.
- Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2006) Cancer in Australia: A snapshot, 2004-05 (No. ABS 4822.0). Canberra: Australian Government.
- Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2005) Living dangerously: Australians with multiple risk factors for cardiovascular disease (No. AIHW AUS 57). Canberra: Australian Government.
- Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2006) Australia’s health 2006 (No. AIHW AUS 73). Canberra: Australian Government.
- Cowey, S., & Hardy, R. (2006) The metabolic syndrome: A high-risk state for cancer? American Journalof Pathology, 169, 1505-1522.
- Fordred, C. (2008) Is ‘Fresh’ Always Best? EcoLibrium.
- Higgens, A., Estrada-Flores, S., Singh, G., Ton, T., Dunstall, S., Archer, A., et al. (2007) State of logistics:Final report. Sydney: CSIRO Food Futures Flagship.
- Kothe, E. J., Mullan, B. A., & Amaratunga, R. (2011). Randomised controlled trial of a brief theory-based intervention promoting breakfast consumption. Appetite, 56(1), 148-155.
Appendices
Appendix 1
Regular Participants
P1
| Attitude | |||||
| Beliefs | Answer (circle) | Evaluation | Answer | ||
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
|
1 2 3 4 5 | ||
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
|
1 2 3 4 5 | ||
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
|
1 2 3 4 5 | ||
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
P2
| Attitude | |||||
| Beliefs | Answer (circle) | Evaluation | Answer | ||
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
|
1 2 3 4 5 | ||
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
|
1 2 3 4 5 | ||
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
|
1 2 3 4 5 | ||
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
P3
| Attitude | |||||
| Beliefs | Answer (circle) | Evaluation | Answer | ||
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
|
1 2 3 4 5 | ||
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
|
1 2 3 4 5 | ||
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
|
1 2 3 4 5 | ||
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
P4
| Attitude | |||||
| Beliefs | Answer (circle) | Evaluation | Answer | ||
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
|
1 2 3 4 5 | ||
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
|
1 2 3 4 5 | ||
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
|
1 2 3 4 5 | ||
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
P5
| Attitude | |||||
| Beliefs | Answer (circle) | Evaluation | Answer | ||
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
|
1 2 3 4 5 | ||
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
|
1 2 3 4 5 | ||
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
|
1 2 3 4 5 | ||
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
Appendix 2
Regular Participants
P1
| Subjective Norm | |||||
| Beliefs | Answer (Circle) | Evaluation | Answer (Circle) | ||
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
|
1 2 3 4 5 | ||
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
|
1 2 3 4 5 | ||
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
|
1 2 3 4 5 | ||
| My colleagues would disapprove if they come to know that I give non-veg dinner with my family every day | 1 2 3 4 5 | The opinion of my colleagues is important to me. | 1 2 3 4 5 |
P2
| Subjective Norm | |||||
| Beliefs | Answer (Circle) | Evaluation | Answer (Circle) | ||
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
|
1 2 3 4 5 | ||
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
|
1 2 3 4 5 | ||
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
|
1 2 3 4 5 | ||
| My colleagues would disapprove if they come to know that I give non-veg dinner with my family every day | 1 2 3 4 5 | The opinion of my colleagues is important to me. | 1 2 3 4 5 |
P3
| Subjective Norm | |||||
| Beliefs | Answer (Circle) | Evaluation | Answer (Circle) | ||
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
|
1 2 3 4 5
|
||
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
|
1 2 3 4 5
|
||
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
|
1 2 3 4 5 | ||
| My colleagues would disapprove if they come to know that I give non-veg dinner with my family everyday | 1 2 3 4 5 | The opinion of my colleagues is important to me. | 1 2 3 4 5 |
P4
| Subjective Norm | |||||
| Beliefs | Answer (Circle) | Evaluation | Answer (Circle) | ||
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
|
1 2 3 4 5 | ||
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
|
1 2 3 4 5 | ||
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
|
1 2 3 4 5 | ||
| My colleagues would disapprove if they come to know that I give non-veg dinner to my family everyday | 1 2 3 4 5 | The opinion of my colleagues is important to me. | 1 2 3 4 5 |
P5
| Subjective Norm | |||||
| Beliefs | Answer (Circle) | Evaluation | Answer (Circle) | ||
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
|
1 2 3 4 5 | ||
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
|
1 2 3 4 5 | ||
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
|
1 2 3 4 5 | ||
| My colleagues would disapprove if they come to know that I give non-veg dinner with my family everyday | 1 2 3 4 5 | The opinion of my colleagues is important to me. | 1 2 3 4 5 |
| Subjective Norm | P1 | P2 | P3 | P4 | P5 |
| Beliefs | |||||
| My GP would be disappointed in me if he knew my family is eating less vegetables | 16 | 25 | 25 | 16 | 25 |
| Going to a meat-only place for a party receives a lot of disapproval from friends | 16 | 20 | 25 | 12 | 25 |
| My family expect me to take them for non-veg cuisine when we go shopping | 8 | 5 | 4 | 8 | 15 |
| My colleagues would disapprove if they come to know that I give non-veg dinner with my family every day | 16 | 9 | 12 | 16 | 25 |
| 56/4 = 14 | 59/4 = 14.75 | 66/4 = 16.5 | 52/4 = 13 | 90/4 = 22.5 |
ΣPi = 80.75
Final Mean Subjective Norm = 80.75/5 = 16.15
Appendix 3
Regular Participants
P1
| Perceived Behavioral control beliefs | Answer (Circle) | Evaluation | Answer (Circle) | ||
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
|
1 2 3 4 5 | ||
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
|
1 2 3 4 5 | ||
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
|
1 2 3 4 5 | ||
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
P2
| Perceived Behavioral control beliefs | Answer (Circle) | Evaluation | Answer (Circle) | ||
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
|
1 2 3 4 5 | ||
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
|
1 2 3 4 5 | ||
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
|
1 2 3 4 5 | ||
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
P3
| Perceived Behavioral control beliefs | Answer (Circle) | Evaluation | Answer (Circle) | ||
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
|
1 2 3 4 5 | ||
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
|
1 2 3 4 5 | ||
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
|
1 2 3 4 5 | ||
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
P4
| Perceived Behavioral control beliefs | Answer (Circle) | Evaluation | Answer (Circle) | ||
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
|
1 2 3 4 5 | ||
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
|
1 2 3 4 5 | ||
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
|
1 2 3 4 5 | ||
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
P5
| Perceived Behavioral control beliefs | Answer (Circle) | Evaluation | Answer (Circle) | ||
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
|
1 2 3 4 5 | ||
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
|
1 2 3 4 5 | ||
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
|
1 2 3 4 5 | ||
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
| Perceived Behavioral control beliefs | P1 | P2 | P3 | P4 | P5 | |
|
6 | 4 | 10 | 8 | 5 | |
|
4 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 2 | |
|
9 | 8 | 8 | 15 | 8 | |
|
6 | 3 | 6 | 3 | 8 | |
| 25/4 = 6.25 | 16/4 = 4 | 26/4 = 6.5 | 30/4 = 7.5 | 23/4 = 5.75 |
ΣPi = 30
Final Mean Subjective Perceived Behavioral control beliefs =30/5 = 6
| Perceived Behavioral control beliefs | P1 | P2 | P3 | P4 | P5 | |
|
6 | 4 | 10 | 8 | 5 | |
|
4 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 2 | |
|
9 | 8 | 8 | 15 | 8 | |
|
6 | 3 | 6 | 3 | 8 | |
| 25/4 = 6.25 | 16/4 = 4 | 26/4 = 6.5 | 30/4 = 7.5 | 23/4 = 5.75 |
ΣPi = 30
Final Mean Subjective Perceived Behavioural control beliefs =30/5 = 6
Appendix 4
Rare Participants
P1
| Attitude | |||||
| Beliefs | Answer (circle) | Evaluation | Answer | ||
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
|
1 2 3 4 5 | ||
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
|
1 2 3 4 5 | ||
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
|
1 2 3 4 5 | ||
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
P2
| Attitude | |||||
| Beliefs | Answer (circle) | Evaluation | Answer | ||
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
|
1 2 3 4 5 | ||
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
|
1 2 3 4 5 | ||
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
|
1 2 3 4 5 | ||
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
P3
| Attitude | |||||
| Beliefs | Answer (circle) | Evaluation | Answer | ||
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
|
1 2 3 4 5 | ||
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
|
1 2 3 4 5 | ||
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
|
1 2 3 4 5 | ||
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
P4
| Attitude | |||||
| Beliefs | Answer (circle) | Evaluation | Answer | ||
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
|
1 2 3 4 5 | ||
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
|
1 2 3 4 5 | ||
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
|
1 2 3 4 5 | ||
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
P5
| Attitude | |||||
| Beliefs | Answer (circle) | Evaluation | Answer | ||
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
|
1 2 3 4 5 | ||
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
|
1 2 3 4 5 | ||
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
|
1 2 3 4 5 | ||
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
| Attitude | P1 (Attitude * Evaluation) | P2 (Attitude * Evaluation) | P3 (Attitude * Evaluation) | P4 (Attitude * Evaluation) | P5 (Attitude * Evaluation) | |
| Beliefs | ||||||
|
25 | 20 | 25 | 16 | 12 | |
|
20 | 15 | 15 | 16 | 16 | |
|
20 | 25 | 16 | 20 | 20 | |
|
8 | 9 | 6 | 12 | 4 | |
| 73/4=18.25 | 17.25 | 15.5 | 15.5 | 13 |
ΣPi = 79.5
Final Mean Attitude = 79.5/5 = 15.9
Appendix 5
Rare Participants
P1
| Subjective Norm | |||||
| Beliefs | Answer (Circle) | Evaluation | Answer (Circle) | ||
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
|
1 2 3 4 5 | ||
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
|
1 2 3 4 5 | ||
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
|
1 2 3 4 5 | ||
| My colleagues would disapprove if they come to know that I give non-veg dinner with my family every day | 1 2 3 4 5 | The opinion of my colleagues is important to me. | 1 2 3 4 5 |
P2
| Subjective Norm | |||||
| Beliefs | Answer (Circle) | Evaluation | Answer (Circle) | ||
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
|
1 2 3 4 5 | ||
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
|
1 2 3 4 5 | ||
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
|
1 2 3 4 5 | ||
| If my colleagues would disapprove if they come to know that I give non-veg dinner with my family everyday | 1 2 3 4 5 | The opinion of my colleagues is important to me. | 1 2 3 4 5 |
P3
| Subjective Norm | |||||
| Beliefs | Answer (Circle) | Evaluation | Answer (Circle) | ||
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
|
1 2 3 4 5
|
||
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
|
1 2 3 4 5
|
||
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
|
1 2 3 4 5 | ||
| My colleagues would disapprove if they come to know that I give non-veg dinner with my family every day | 1 2 3 4 5 | The opinion of my colleagues is important to me. | 1 2 3 4 5 |
P4
| Subjective Norm | |||||
| Beliefs | Answer (Circle) | Evaluation | Answer (Circle) | ||
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
|
1 2 3 4 5 | ||
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
|
1 2 3 4 5 | ||
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
|
1 2 3 4 5 | ||
| My colleagues would disapprove if they come to know that I give non-veg dinner with my family every day | 1 2 3 4 5 | The opinion of my colleagues is important to me. | 1 2 3 4 5 |
P5
| Subjective Norm | |||||
| Beliefs | Answer (Circle) | Evaluation | Answer (Circle) | ||
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
|
1 2 3 4 5 | ||
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
|
1 2 3 4 5 | ||
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
|
1 2 3 4 5 | ||
| My colleagues would disapprove if they come to know that I give non-veg dinner with my family everyday | 1 2 3 4 5 | The opinion of my colleagues is important to me. | 1 2 3 4 5 |
| Subjective Norm | P1 (Att * Evaluation) | P2 | P3 | P4 | P5 |
| Beliefs | |||||
| My GP would be disappointed in me if he knew my family is eating less vegetables | 12 | 6 | 4 | 10 | 12 |
| Going to a meat-only place for a party receives a lot of disapproval from friends | 8 | 6 | 10 | 10 | 6 |
| My family expect me to take them for non-veg cuisine when we go shopping | 20 | 15 | 20 | 25 | 12 |
| My colleagues would disapprove if they come to know that I give non-veg dinner with my family everyday | 6 | 4 | 5 | 10 | 8 |
| 46/4= 11.5 | 31/4 = 7.75 | 9.75 | 13.75 | 9.75 |
ΣPi = 52.5
Final Mean Subjective Norm = 52.5/5 = 10.5
Appendix 6
Rare Participants
P1
| Perceived Behavioral control beliefs | Answer (Circle) | Evaluation | Answer (Circle) | ||
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
|
1 2 3 4 5 | ||
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1 2 3 4 5 |
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1 2 3 4 5 | ||
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1 2 3 4 5 |
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1 2 3 4 5 | ||
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1 2 3 4 5 |
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1 2 3 4 5 |
P2
| Perceived Behavioral control beliefs | Answer (Circle) | Evaluation | Answer (Circle) | ||
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
|
1 2 3 4 5 | ||
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
|
1 2 3 4 5 | ||
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
|
1 2 3 4 5 | ||
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
P3
| Perceived Behavioral control beliefs | Answer (Circle) | Evaluation | Answer (Circle) | ||
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
|
1 2 3 4 5 | ||
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
|
1 2 3 4 5 | ||
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
|
1 2 3 4 5 | ||
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
P4
| Perceived Behavioral control beliefs | Answer (Circle) | Evaluation | Answer (Circle) | ||
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
|
1 2 3 4 5 | ||
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
|
1 2 3 4 5 | ||
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
|
1 2 3 4 5 | ||
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
P5
| Perceived Behavioral control beliefs | Answer (Circle) | Evaluation | Answer (Circle) | ||
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
|
1 2 3 4 5 | ||
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
|
1 2 3 4 5 | ||
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
|
1 2 3 4 5 | ||
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
|
1 2 3 4 5 |
| Perceived Behavioral control beliefs | P1 | P2 | P3 | P4 | P5 | |
|
16 | 16 | 25 | 16 | 9 | |
|
4 | 12 | 20 | 16 | 16 | |
|
12 | 12 | 15 | 16 | 8 | |
|
12 | 16 | 25 | 20 | 16 | |
| 44/4 = 11 | 56/4 = 14 | 85/4 = 21.25 | 68/4 = 17 | 49/4 = 12.25 |
ΣPi = 75.5
Final Mean Subjective Perceived Behavioural control beliefs =75.5/5 = 15.1
| Attitude | P1 | P2 | P3 | P4 | P5 | |
| Beliefs | ||||||
|
25 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 25 | |
|
25 | 16 | 25 | 16 | 25 | |
|
15 | 8 | 4 | 8 | 15 | |
|
20 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 25 | |
| 85/4=21.25 | 56/4 = 14 | 61/4 = 15.25 | 56/4 = 14 | 90/4 = 22.5 |
ΣPi = 87
Final Mean Attitude = 87/5 = 17.4
