ASSIGNMENT HELP ON COMPRESSED AIR ENGINE REPORT

 Compressed Air Engine Basics:

A Compressed-air engine is a pneumatic actuator that creates useful work by compressed air. A compressed-air vehicle is powered by an air engine, using compressed air, which is stored in a tank. Instead of mixing fuel with air and burning it in the engine to drive pistons with hot expanding gases, compressed air vehicles (CAV) use the expansion of compressed air to drive

their pistons.

They have existed in many forms over the past two centuries, ranging in size from hand held turbines up to several hundred horsepower. For example, the first mechanically-powered submarine, the 1863 Plongeur, used a compressed air engine.

The laws of physics dictate that uncontained gases will fill any given space. The easiest way to see this in action is to inflate a balloon. The elastic skin of the balloon holds the air tightly inside, but the moment you use a pin to create a hole in the balloon's surface, the air expands outward with so much energy that the balloon explodes. Compressing a gas into a small space is a way to store energy. When the gas expands again, that energy is released to do work. That's the basic

principle behind what makes an air car go.

Some types rely on pistons and cylinders, others use turbines. Many compressed air engines improve their performance by heating the incoming air, or the engine itself. Some took this a stage further and burned fuel in the cylinder or turbine, forming a type of internal combustion engine.

One manufacturer claims to have designed an engine that is 90 percent efficient. Compressed air propulsion may also be incorporated in hybrid systems, e.g., battery electric propulsion and fuel tanks to recharge the batteries. This kind of system is called hybrid-pneumatic electric propulsion. Additionally, regenerative braking can also be used in conjunction with this system.

1.2. History:

(a) The first compressed-air vehicle was devised by Bompas, a patent for a locomotive being taken out in England in 1828. There were two storage tanks between the frames, with conventional cylinders and cranks. It is not clear if it was actually built. (Knight, 1880)

(b) The first recorded compressed-air vehicle in France was built by the Frenchmen Andraud and Tessie of Motay in 1838. A car ran on a test track at Chaillot on the 9th July 1840, and worked well, but the idea was not pursued further.

Fig: 1.1

(c) In 1848 Barin von Rathlen constructed a vehicle which was reported to have been driven from Putney to Wandsworth (London) at an average speed of 10 to 12 mph.

(d) At the end of 1855, a constructor called Julienne ran some sort of vehicle at Saint-Denis in France, driven by air at 25 atmospheres (350 psi), for it to be used in coal mines.

(e) Compressed air locomotives were use for haulage in 1874 while the Simplon tunnel was being dug. An advantage was that the cold exhaust air aided the ventilation of the tunnel.

(f) Louis Mékarski built a standard gauge self-contained tramcar which was tested in February 1876 on the Courbevoie-Etoile Line of the Paris Tramways Nord (TN), where it much impressed the current president and minister of transport Maréchal de MacMahon. The tramcar was also shown at the exhibition of 1878 as it seemed to be an ideal transport method, quiet, smooth, without smoke, fire or the possibility of boiler explosion.

(g) The compressed-air locos were soon withdrawn due to a number of accidents, possibly caused by icing in the pipes of the brakes, which were  also worked by compressed air.

(h) In Louis Mékarski built a standard gauge self-contained tramcar which was tested in February 1876 on the Courbevoie-Etoile Line of the Paris Tramways Nord (TN), where it much impressed the current president and minister of transport Maréchal de MacMahon. The tramcar was also

shown at the exhibition of 1878 as it seemed to be an ideal transport method, quiet, smooth, without smoke, fire or the possibility of boiler explosion.

1.3. Applications:

The compressed air engine can be used in many vehicles. Some of its applications to be used as engine for vehicles are:

(a) Mopeds

Jem Stansfield, an English inventor has been able to convert a regular scooter to a compressed air moped. This has been done by equipping the scooter with a compressed air engine and air tank.

(b) Buses

MDI makes MultiCATs vehicle that can be used as buses or trucks. RATP has also already expressed an interest in the compressed-air pollution-free bus.

(c) Locomotives

Compressed air locomotives have been historically used as mining locomotives and in various areas.

(d) Trams

Various compressed-air-powered trams were trialed, starting in 1876 and has been successfully implemented in some cases. 

(e) Watercraft and aircraft

Currently, no water or air vehicles exist that make use of the air engine. Historically compressed air engines propelled certain torpedoes.

1.4. Advantages:

The advantages are well publicized since the developers need to make their machines attractive to investors. Compressed-air vehicles are comparable in many ways to electric vehicles, but use compressed air to store the energy instead of batteries. Their potential advantages over other vehicles include:

(a) Much like electrical vehicles, air powered vehicles would ultimately be powered through the electrical grid, which makes it easier to focus on reducing pollution from one source, as opposed to the millions of vehicles on the road.

(b) Transportation of the fuel would not be required due to drawing power off the electrical grid. This presents significant cost benefits. Pollution created during fuel transportation would be eliminated.

(c) Compressed air technology reduces the cost of vehicle production by about 20%, because there is no need to build a cooling system, fuel tank, Ignition Systems or silencers.

(d) Air, on its own, is non-flammable.

(e) High torque for minimum volume.

(f) The mechanical design of the engine is simple and robust.

(g) Low manufacture and maintenance costs as well as easy maintenance.

(h) Compressed-air tanks can be disposed of or recycled with less pollution than batteries.

(i) Compressed-air vehicles are unconstrained by the degradation problems associated with current battery systems.

(j) The tank may be able to be refilled more often and in less time than batteries can be recharged, with re-fuelling rates comparable to liquid fuels.

(k) Lighter vehicles would mean less abuse on roads. Resulting in longer lasting roads.

(l) The price of fuelling air-powered vehicles will be significantly cheaper than current fuels.